63% (38 out of 60 correct)

The questions marked with symbol have not been graded.

1.

Chemoreceptors in the brain are activated primarily by the presence of _______ in the cerebrospinal fluid. A. hydrogen ions B. oxygen ions C. carbonic acid D. bicarbonate ions

2.

Carbon dioxide binds to the globin portion of hemoglobin to form A. oxyhemoglobin B. hemoglobin C. carbonic anhydrase D. carbaminohemoglobin

3.

Mucous membranes of the nasal passages, nasopharynx and trachea are lined with what type of epithelium? A. stratified columnar B. simple squamous C. simple columnar D. pseudostratified ciliated columnar

4.

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes A. carbon dioxide to react with water B. carbon dioxide to react with bicarbonate ions C. hydrogen ions to react with bicarbonate ions D. hydrogen ions to react with water

5.

The term pulmonary ventilation refers to A. external respiration B. cellular respiration C. internal respiration D. breathing

6.

If the air we breathe contains 10 percent of Gas X, the partial pressure of Gas X is A. 760 mm Hg B. 76 mm Hg C. 7.6 mm Hg D. 0.76 mm Hg

7.

Nerves, pulmonary vessels, and bronchi enter the lungs at the A. cupola B. hilus C. base D. costal surface

8.

As blood enters the systemic capillaries A. PO2 is high in the blood and low in the tissues B. PO2 is low in the blood and high in the tissues C. PO2 is low in the blood and low in the tissues D. PO2 is high in the blood and high in the tissues

9.

The first respiratory branches after the trachea are called A. lobar bronchi B. segmental bronchi C. primary bronchi D. respiratory bronchi

10.

When oxygen combines with heme, what is formed? A. oxyhemoglobin B. hemoglobin C. carbaminohemoglobin D. carbonic acid

11.

The right lung has A. 2 fissures and 3 lobes B. 1 fissure, 2 lobes, and the cardiac notch C. 2 fissures, 3 lobes, and the cardiac notch D. 1 fissure and 2 lobes

12.

Tidal volume is A. the amount of air that can be forced from the lungs after normal exhalation B. the volume of air in one breath during normal relaxed breathing C. about 5,800 ml D. about 3,000 ml

13.

During swallowing, the glottis is covered by A. hyaline cartilage rings B. the epiglottis C. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium D. the tongue

14.

Some hydrogen ions in the blood are produced by the dissociation of A. bicarbonate B. carbonic acid C. carbonic anhydrase D. carbaminohemoglobin

15.

The amount of oxygen that can combine with heme is determined mainly by the A. systolic blood pressure B. partial pressure of oxygen C. concentration of hydrogen ions D. concentration of carbonic anhydrase

16.

During inspiration A. alveolar pressure decreases B. the thoracic cavity decreases in size C. external intercostal muscles pull ribs down and in D. posterior intercostal muscles contract

17.

Internal respiration occurs A. between atmosphere and blood B. between systemic capillaries and tissue cells C. in bronchi and trachea D. in the lungs

18.

The amount of oxygen released by the hemoglobin molecules in the blood to the tissues A. decreases as PCO2 increases B. increases as blood pH decreases (acidity increases) C. decreases as temperature increases D. increases as PCO2 decreases

19.

Most carbon dioxide is carried in the blood A. as part of a bicarbonate ion B. as carbonic anhydrase C. as dissolved carbon dioxide gas D. bound to hemoglobin

20.

The respiratory membrane consists of A. a single layer of epithelial cells B. a single layer of epithelial cells and a basement membrane C. two layers of epithelial cells and 2 basement membranes D. two layers of epithelial cells

21.

In the lungs A. PCO2 is high in the alveoli and low in the capillaries B. PCO2 is high in the alveoli and high in the capillaries C. PCO2 is low in the alveoli and high in the capillaries D. PCO2 is low in the alveoli and low in the capillaries

22.

Surface tension of the alveolar fluid is reduced by the presence of A. surfactant B. serotonin C. histamine D. hyaline cartilage rings

23.

Exchange of respiratory gases occurs in all of the following except the A. alveolar ducts B. alveoli C. respiratory bronchioles D. terminal bronchioles

24.

The phrenic nerves innervate the A. trachea B. visceral pleura C. alveoli D. diaphragm

25.

The vocal cords are found in the A. glottis B. pharynx C. larynx D. trachea

26.

Lung compliance is affected mainly by the amount of elastic tissue in the lungs and the A. thickness of cartilage in the trachea B. partial pressure of oxygen in inhaled air C. diameter of the bronchioles D. amount of surfactant

27.

The rhythm of normal breathing is controlled by neurons located in the A. cerebellum B. vagus nerve C. spinal cord D. medulla oblongata

28.

Epithelial cells of the respiratory tract are ciliated. The function of the cilia is to A. trap incoming bacteria and debris B. secrete mucus C. move mucus toward the pharynx D. respond to olfactory stimuli

29.

During internal and external respiration, gases move by A. osmosis B. active transport C. endocytosis D. diffusion

30.

When the diaphragm lowers during breathing A. volume in the thoracic cavity increases B. alveolar pressure increases C. external intercostal muscles relax D. pleural cavity decreases in size

31.

An individual with abnormally large alveoli suffers from A. emphysema B. pneumonia C. pneumothorax D. pleurisy

32.

Functionally, the bronchi are considered to be part of the _____ portion of the respiratory system. A. upper B. lower C. conducting D. respiratory

33.

We hold our breath by closing off the opening of the larynx using the A. ventricular folds (false vocal cords) B. vocal folds (true vocal cords) C. epiglottis D. soft palate

34.

An increase in pulmonary capillary permeability or an increase in pulmonary capillary pressure leads to A. pulmonary embolism B. respiratory stress syndrome C. asthma D. pulmonary edema

35.

The most sensitive region of the respiratory tract for triggering the cough reflex is the A. larynx B. epiglottis C. carina D. bronchioles

36.

The smallest and last tube the air flows through before it reaches the alveoli is the A. tertiary bronchiole B. terminal bronchiole C. respiratory bronchiole D. alveolar duct

37.

The total surface area of all the alveoli is huge, about the size of a A. large garbage can B. telephone booth C. handball court D. football field

38.

In conditions of hypoxia (low oxygen level) A. both pulmonary and systemic blood vessels constrict, reducing blood flow B. pulmonary vessels constrict and reduce blood flow, systemic vessels dilate and increase blood flow C. pulmonary blood vessels dilate and increase blood flow, systemic blood vessels constrict and reduce blood flow D. both pulmonary and systemic blood vessels dilate, increasing blood flow

39.

Which of the following muscles is NOT an active muscle of forceful expiration? A. diaphragm B. rectus abdominis C. internal intercostals D. transversus abdominis

40.

During normal quiet breathing, the diaphragm descends and the alveolar pressure decreases about A. 0.5 mm Hg B. 2 mm Hg C. 10 mm Hg D. 100 mm Hg

41.

When we inhale A. both alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure decrease B. both alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure increase C. alveolar pressure increases and intrapleural pressure decreases D. alveolar pressure decreases and intrapleural pressure increases

42.

A modified respiratory pattern involves a series of convulsive inspirations followed by a single prolonged expiration. This pattern is characteristic of A. crying B. sobbing C. laughing D. sighing

43.

After you inhale in a quiet inhalation, which lung volume does not contain any air? A. residual volume B. expiratory reserve volume C. tidal volume D. inspiratory reserve volume

44.

Although air contains about 79 percent nitrogen, very little of it dissolves in blood plasma because of its low solubility coefficient. This is an example of A. Boyle's law B. Dalton's law C. Henry's law D. the Bohr effect

45.

Which of the following is likely in a patient with pulmonary edema? A. difficulty exhaling due to increased surface tension B. difficulty inhaling due to loss of lung elastic fibers C. decreased rate of gas exchange due to increased diffusion distance D. increased rate of gas exchange due to decreased diffusion distance

46.

At a partial pressure of 105 mm Hg in the alveoli, the percent saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen in the pulmonary capillaries will be A. almost 100 percent B. about 90 percent, depending on the rate of blood flow C. 80 percent or more, depending on how hard we breathe D. 75 percent, because the solubility of oxygen in water is low

47.

At a PO2 of 40 mm Hg (the average partial pressure of oxygen in tissues at rest) the blood will release about _____ of the oxygen it is carrying. A. 10 percent B. 25 percent C. 50 percent D. 90 percent

48.

In normal, quiet breathing, the basic rhythm of respiration is determined almost entirely by the autorhythmic cells of the A. expiratory area B. inspiratory area C. pneumotaxic area D. apneustic area

49.

By age seventy, the vital capacity can decrease as much as A. 10 percent B. 20 percent C. 35 percent D. 50 percent

50.

The most common infectious cause of death in the United States is A. pneumonia B. influenza C. tuberculosis D. coryza

51.

The _______ divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides. YOUR ANSWER: nasal septum The suggested answer is nasal septum

52.

The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are lined by _______ epithelium. YOUR ANSWER: simple squamous The suggested answer is nonkeratinized stratified squamous

53.

The thyroid cartilage is also called the _______. YOUR ANSWER: larynx The suggested answer is adam's apple

54.

Inflammation of the larynx is called _______. YOUR ANSWER: laryngitis The suggested answer is laryngitis

55.

Air entering the intrapleural space causes a _______. YOUR ANSWER: The suggested answer is pneumothorax

56.

The normal pattern of quiet breathing is called _______. YOUR ANSWER: respiration The suggested answer is eupnea

57.

A _______ is used to measure the volume and rate of air exchange during breathing. YOUR ANSWER: spirometer The suggested answer is spirometer

58.

The pneumotaxic and apneustic areas of the brain are located in the _______. YOUR ANSWER: pons The suggested answer is pons

59.

A deficiency of oxygen at the tissues is called _______. YOUR ANSWER: hypoxia The suggested answer is hypoxia

60.

The temporary cessation of breathing is called _______. YOUR ANSWER: apnea The suggested answer is apnea

61.

The parietal pleura lines the wall of the thoracic cavity. A. True B. False

62.

Surfactant is made by type I cells. A. True B. False

63.

Residual volume is the volume of air that you inhale when you take a deep breath. A. True B. False

64.

Most oxygen is carried dissolved in the water of the blood plasma. A. True B. False

65.

The hemoglobin of a newborn has a greater affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin. A. True B. False

66.

Carbon monoxide bonds more strongly to hemoglobin than oxygen bonds to hemoglobin. A. True B. False

67.

The pneumotaxic area prolongs inhalation. A. True B. False

68.

The peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the medulla oblongata. A. True B. False

69.

Cystic fibrosis is a respiratory disorder caused by cigarette smoke. A. True B. False

70.

Dust cells remove debris in the alveolar spaces. A. True B. False

Retake Test